Colombian livestock occupies ~34 Mha (70% of agricultural land), is overwhelmingly extensive , and is the country’s largest single driver of forest conversion (50% of areas deforested 2005–2012 became pasture).

Agriculture, forestry, and other land use contributes ~55% of national emissions, with cattle enteric fermentation, manure, fertiliser) accounting for ~15%.

Soils across the Orinoco region are visibly degraded and traditional dry-season burning persists despite being prohibited since 2004. These burning practices and poor pasture management can increase emissions and reduce soil health.